
As of Thursday, the current spread of Creative Commons. The green are countries where the project has launched. The yellow are close. The red is yet to be liberated.

As of Thursday, the current spread of Creative Commons. The green are countries where the project has launched. The yellow are close. The red is yet to be liberated.
After notice and a period for comments, Creative Commons has versioned the attribution clause in our licenses. The new clause does something cool I wanted to flag. The essence of the change is to permit the copyright holder to specify what the attribution should be. Thus attribution can be to the author, or to another entity (e.g., the Wiki, or the journal in which the article was first published), or both, as the licensor specifies.
The motivation for this change was both to formalize the CC-Wiki license, which is a rebranded CC Attribution-ShareAlike licenses. With this new attribution clause, a wiki can now specify that attribution is back to the wiki. A second motivation was to help open access publishing: Now the author can require a citation that would include the original journal in which the article appeared — something many journals we eager to have in return for permitting open access publishing.
Princeton Professor Ed Felten has launched a book club review of Code, towards helping along its wiki rewrite.
Following my whining about a copyright agreement I was asked by Minnesota Law Review to sign (and an update to that complaint: Minnesota was very gracious about changing the contract once I asked them), Dan Hunter of the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, and Michael Carroll of Villanova Law School, and on the Creative Commons board, began pulling together an Open Access Law Project, as part of the Science Commons.
On Monday, the project launched. The project has developed and will maintain three distinct threads.
The first is a statement of Open Access Law (OAL) Journal Principles. Twenty-two journals have signed on so far.
The second is an OAL Author’s Pledge, which authors who published in law journals can take to signal their willingness to publish in OAL journals only. I’ve signed this pledge, and will be working to recruit others as well.
Finally, we have drafted a OAL Model Publishing Agreement that is consistent with the principles of the OAL Project.
We were motivated to launch this project by the recognition that in fact, there is no substantial institutional resistance to open access publishing in law. The major commercial publishers of online journals, Lexis and Westlaw, don’t require exclusivity. Any resistance is therefore primarily inertia. Our hope was to coordinate efforts to overcome this inertia, and make access to legal materials cheaper and more universal.
Each part of this project will evolve as we learn more about how best to achieve these goals. We’re looking for more feedback, and are opening a discussion list for input.
You can help this project by encouraging other authors and journals to sign on. If you’re a law student, then send an email to your professors asking them to join. The same with law journals you might have connections with. We are eager to establish a minimum set of Open Access Law standards quickly, so that others can begin to experiment with better, more ambitious, ideas.
This project is also significant for a more CC-local reason. This is the first project chaired completely outside the organization. I’m grateful to Dan Hunter for his work. His success is a model I hope we can implement elsewhere as well. We’ve got a million ideas for expanding the commons. But we only have a few overworked souls at Creative and Science Commons to carry them into effect. If we can identify other efficient and hard working souls like Dan to volunteer on a project, we can expand our work more quickly. Ideas welcome.
Thanks to Ian and Jennifer for the guest blogging. This was different from the standard Lessig Blog stuff, but I’ve been a believer in Cass Sunstein’s concern about the Daily Me since we spoke about it almost 10 years ago. So I’m happy to mix your reading up a bit. (Don’t worry — just a bit). The issues of this last week are important issues for all of us to talk about. It is the great weakness of liberal politics that too much of the battle is waged in courts. Blogs are to be the space of public discussion of matters important to the democracy (as well as a bunch of other fun things as well). So I am grateful for the conversation (and especially for the break).
The Lessig blog community is pretty amazing. Self-regulating, constructive, challenging.
Looking back I hope you can see how we paid off on our promise of informational incrementalism
We’ve suggested that discrimination in the military might be ameliorated by asking a simple question.
We’ve suggested that discrimination by the boy scouts might be ameliorated by mandating a private conversation.
We’ve suggested that marriage discrimination might be ameliorated by collecting vacation pledges.
We’ve suggested that employment discrimination might be ameliorated by certifications of legal promises not to discriminate.
We’ve suggested that discrimination in a variety of contexts might be ameliorated by leaving your sexual preference ambiguous (and we’ve provided concrete suggestions when to and when not to ambiguate).
All of these suggestions are centrally about the management of information. It shouldn’t be surprising that cyberspace is a great tool for progress – and one that we explicitly try to exploit both at www.fairemploymentmark.org and www.vacationpledge.org.
We particularly hope that you will join us in pushing for employer adoption of the Fair Employment mark. Lots of people want to know what they can do to make concrete progress in the struggle for gay rights. Well, private employment is a great place to start. Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act is widely regarded as the most important law passed since World War II. The simple idea that employees should be able to sue for discrimination in employment is of course the heart of that law. But more than half of U.S. employees have no right to sue for sexual orientation discrimination. Refusing to hire someone because of his or her sexual orientation is wrong and there is now something that we can do about. Please ask your boss to license the mark. Or if you’re on the board of a non-profit that hires a few people, ask the board if it will promise not to discriminate.
If interested, you can catch us in person at one of the following book events:
Wed. June 8, 7 p.m.
A Different Light Bookstore
489 Castro Street
San Francisco, CA 94114
(415) 431-0891
Sat., June 18, 3 p.m.
Chicago PFLAG
Sidetrack
3349 N. Halsted St.
Chicago, IL
(773) 472-3079
Sun. June 19, 11:30 a.m.
William Way Community Center
1315 Spruce Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 732-2220
Sat. June 25th, 2 p.m.
Yale Bookstore
77 Broadway
New Haven, CT 06511
(203) 777-8440
Tue., June 28th
Human Rights Campaign
Washington D.C.
(202) 628-4160
www.hrc.org
Details to be announced
The week has flown by. We leave much richer thanks to you. So Long.
Ian Ayres & Jennifer Gerarda Brown
Imagine that one day you hear your child at play say to another “The way you throw is so gay.” It seems “gay” has become a catch-all insult. How do you respond?
You could just let it pass. After all, home and family should provide a refuge from the clamor of the outside world. Gay rights are fine, you might think, but social change is something that happens out there, in society, not within our walls. Then again, maybe social change must begin at home. Many heterosexual people –even those who avoid political activity — have become allies in the struggle for civil rights simply by the way they talk to their children. Want to join them? If so, read on for ten things you might say if you want to raise a child who can love, accept, and — as fate might have it –even be a happy person who is gay.
1. “Some day you might meet a special person and decide to spend the rest of your life making a family with him or her.”
Thousands of parents each year learn that their children are gay, and then recall with pain the ways they may have embarrassed or shamed their children simply because they presumed the kids were heterosexual. We who have children who are still young have the chance to treat our children the way many of these older-but-wiser parents wish they had treated their own. We can assume that our children might be straight or gay.
2. “We think you should choose your friends by what they’re like on the inside and how they treat other people, not because they are boys or girls.”
We don’t claim that you can engineer your kid’s sexuality. But think about it: don’t you want to raise your child to value the content of character rather than the shape of the body? If this is true of friendships when they are young, maybe it can also extend to romance as they grow older.
3. “Look, son, Santa brought you just what you asked for: a princess dress!”
Don’t freak out if your daughter wants to be Robin Hood or your son wants to be Cinderella. Subject to your child’s inclinations and tastes, buy clothing and toys without regard to gender (this can be a challenge, since marketing is often shockingly gender specific).
4. “In some places, two men or two women can get married, and some churches and synagogues also celebrate religious weddings for these couples.”
If your daughter comes home from school and says, “I love Betsy so much we’re going to get married!” resist the urge to tell her, “girls can only marry boys.” When you talk to your kids about marriage, describe the current state of affairs accurately, but also help them aspire to a future that is more just.
5. “Uncle Bill likes to date men rather than women.”
Talk with your kids about the LGBT people in your life (relatives, coworkers, neighbors, fellow church members). Answer questions in ways that are simple and matter-of-fact: “Uncle Bill has fallen in love with Joe and they want to be together for the rest of their lives.” Let your kids know that these romantic relationships make Uncle Bill feel happy.
6. “Did you know Harvey Fierstein is gay?”
Broadway giant Harvey Fierstein (better known to kids as the voice of “Yao” in Disney’s Mulan) is only one example of openly gay, prodigiously talented people recognizable to children. Cluing kids in to this diversity is a good thing. We know, we know, “Heather Has Two Mommies” has become short hand for a sort of earnest multi-culturalism that some find easy to dismiss. But remember: Education Secretary Margaret Spelling threatened to cut funding for the PBS children’s program “Letters from Buster” because one episode featured a family headed by two women. In such a world, parents who care about diversity may have to be a little more deliberate.
7. “I’m sorry, son. We can’t join the Boy Scouts because they discriminate against gay people.”
Instead of the Boy Scouts (now famously on record for anti-gay policies), consider the YMCA, Campfire Boys and Girls, or Jewish Community Centers (here is a longer list of kids’ programs that do not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation). If you belong to a group that excludes people or treats them differently because they are gay, either quit or work for change — and let your children see you doing that work.
8. “Is this a ‘welcoming’ house of worship?”
Does your house of worship welcome and affirm LGBT people? Does it countenance openly gay clergy? How (if at all) does it treat issues of human sexuality in religious ed or youth group discussions? You can get involved with your denomination’s national LGBT group and learn how they are working for liturgical or doctrinal reform. If change is not possible and you remain within the fold, at the very least you need to tell your child that your conscience leads you to reject anti-gay elements of the religious doctrine.
9. “Is this school willing to hire gay teachers?”
What will your child learn about homosexuality at school? Explore the curriculum (if any) on puberty, sexuality, or reproduction. Find out if the school library contains resources on sexuality that will be helpful to kids who have questions. Does your child’s middle or high school have a gay-straight alliance? Believe us, parents who don’t support gay rights are asking these questions all the time. Make sure your school hears from a gay supportive perspective, too.
10. “I am so happy and honored that you’ve told me you’re gay, and I want to support you in any way I can.”
This final statement might be the most important of all.
You don’t have to carry a sign, march in a parade, or fly a rainbow flag to support gay rights. You can take small but crucial steps along your daily path, especially in your decisions as a parent. Granted, there’s a lot about sex, sexuality, and politics that’s way too complicated to explain to young children. But that doesn’t mean gay rights issues are taboo. Children understand three things very clearly: love, family, and fairness. And when you get to the heart of it, these values are what the gay rights movement is all about.
Jennifer Gerarda Brown
Larry Lessig has led the charge in showing that the IP law has gone overboard in extending property rights. In lots of contexts, we would do better with mandated licensing fees that give non-owners the option to use and pay a fee.
I’ve just published a book called Optional Law: The Structure of Legal Entitlements (University of Chicago Press) that not only formalizes the advantage of optional licenses but also shows there’s a dizzying array of optional entitlement structures that can dominate traditional notions of property. The book suggests a variety of new mechanisms for protecting IP and shows how many of them have been used in unnoticed ways in traditional common law decisionmaking.
Conceptually, this book asks how a court might want to allocate entitlements among individuals when the court is imperfectly informed about the individuals’ values. Imagine that a court is trying to decide which of two disputants should control a particular entitlement. Each disputant knows her own value for the entitlement, but the court sees only an unbiased probability function of each disputant’s value. The court, among other things, wants the entitlement controlled by the higher-valuing disputant.
How should the court structure the parties’ legal entitlements? A first intuition is that the court should simply give the entitlement to the individual with the higher expected value. This “mean” allocation rule would make a great deal of sense if the court were merely choosing among property rules; but we will see — through the lens of option theory — that giving the initial entitlement to the disputant who is, on average, lower-valuing can at times produce higher allocative efficiency.
Imagine for example that a court’s best guess is that a plaintiff’s value is equally likely to take on any value between 5 and 105 and that a defendant’s value is equally likely to take on any value between 40 and 60. You might think that the court would do better to give the entitlement to the plaintiff (who has a higher average valuation of 55 instead of 50). But it turns out that efficiency is substantially increased if we give the entitlement initially to the defendant but give the plaintiff the option to take for a price of 50 dollars.
This result is, of course, counter intuitive. But there are a bunch of others as well:
Where there are calls, there must be puts. Once traditional liability rules are seen as “call” options, it is natural to ask whether “put” options are or should be used by the law. Calabresi and Melamed saw that defendant polluters might pay for the right to pollute or that plaintiff pollutees might pay for the right to stop pollution, but they did not focus on who gets to decide whether payment would be made. Traditional liability rules are more like call options because they give the payor the option of forcing a sale. But it is also possible to give payees the put-like option of forcing a purchase. Instead of giving a polluter the option to pay for the right to pollute, the law might give a pollutee the option to be paid for giving up her entitlement to clean air. Put-like protections for pollutees seem startling, but they in fact are the normal “election of remedies” granted to a plaintiff whose property rights have been infringed upon. For example, if the polluter instead builds an encroaching fence on the pollutee’s land, it would be normal to give the pollutee the choice of injunction or permanent damages for the encroachment.
Courts can decouple distributive and allocative concerns. Appreciating the possibility of put options is the first step in expanding a courts’ choice set. Allowing a defendant to pollute if she chooses to pay a million dollars should produce the same allocative equilibrium as giving the defendant a put option to sell her pollution right for a million dollars, but very different wealth distributions. Indeed, there are an infinite number of option implementations that produce the same allocative equilibrium, but merely divide the expected payoffs differently between the disputants. For example, asking the defendant to choose between paying $800,000 to pollute and receiving $200,000 to forego polluting should produce an identical allocation as the foregoing call and put implementation but provides an intermediate distribution of payoffs. Enlightened courts are thus free to maximize allocative efficiency (by delegating the allocative choice to the more efficient litigant) without sacrificing concerns of equity or ex ante investment incentives.
Two heads can be better than one. While traditional liability rules delegate the allocation choice to a single-chooser (either the plaintiff or the defendant), it turns out that it is also possible for courts to create an option that delegates the allocational choice to both parties — by allowing either disputant to veto a particular allocation. For example, a court might grant an initial entitlement to the plaintiff but give the defendant a call option to take the entitlement for $X, and give the plaintiff an entitlement to take back for $X or for $X + Y. “Dual chooser” rules of this kind can produce, under certain conditions, systematically higher expected payoffs than more traditional single-chooser rules. They give both parties a hand in deciding who will ultimately control the entitlement and thus can harness both sides’ information. And as with put option rules, it turns out that dual chooser rules are already being used in the common law.
Property protection has been with us for a long time. But optional protections have a lot going for them. They can better harness the parties’ private information, they can better promote equity and they might can even better promote trade.
You can read the first chapter here for free or (gulp) buy a copy of the book here and read comments on a earlier Balkinization post here.
Ian Ayres
4 p.m. EST update on June 7, 2005: I’m told the pledge form is working again. My apologies for the inconvenience.
Despite the Goodridge victory in Massachusetts, the battle for same-sex marriage has only begun. Many states have passed constitutional bans on gay marriage. Opponents of equal marriage rights even seek to amend the U.S. Constitution.
The Vacation Pledge for Equal Marriage Rights encourages states to take the landmark step to democratically legalize same-sex marriage.
Why is legislative action so important and how can individuals help to promote it?
President Bush’s claim is that the proposed Federal Marriage Amendment is necessary to stop “activist judges” from forcing same-sex marriage on a resistant populace. The president justifies the amendment in the name of “democratic action” and “the voice of the people.” But as I’ve argued in the Hartford Courant and LA Times, the amendment is fundamentally anti-democratic: It would prohibit states from legislatively embracing equal marriage rights. If one brave state could use the legislative process to extend marriage to same sex couples, it could disprove the assertion that only “activist judges” want marriage equality. This might impede the rush to write discrimination into the US Constitution.
Here’s how it works: by signing the pledge, individuals promise to take a vacation in the first state that enacts same-sex marriage through a popular or legislative vote, within three years after the legislation takes effect. Many states rely heavily on tourism revenues, and the Vacation Pledge creates a concrete incentive for a state to do the right thing.
Taking a vacation is a small price to pay for greater equality. Will you sign?
A little over one year ago, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial court made history with its 2004 decision in Goodridge, generating a new option for gay couples: marriage. We all know the controversy (and state constitutional amendments) these changes have wrought. Much of the focus has been on same-sex couples and their choices: will they travel to marry? Will they seek to transport their marriages across state lines and impose them on unwilling home states?
Less noted has been the new and difficult choice presented to heterosexual couples: Now that it is possible to marry in a jurisdiction that does not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation, is it moral for heterosexuals to marry in discriminating states?
To understand this dilemma, imagine you were living in Virginia when the state still prohibited interracial marriage. Even if you wanted to marry someone of the same race, wouldn’t you consider traveling to a neighboring state that did not discriminate?
From now on, every heterosexual couple that wants to marry must face the same question. After all, they can marry in Massachusetts knowing their new status will be fully recognized at home. And Massachusetts will not invoke its hateful 1913 “reverse evasion statute” to turn away heterosexual couples, as it has some out-of-state same-sex couples.
Some will protest that planning a wedding is tough enough; requiring long distance planning is unrealistic. But for many couples, Massachusetts is only a short drive away. What if a couple lives across the road from Massachusetts? Or ten miles away? At some point, the distance becomes small enough that people who care about equality should be embarrassed not to make the journey.
Moreover, the truth is that for decades, couples have taken their weddings on the road, marrying in, say, Hawaii for scenery or Las Vegas for kitsch. Now they can travel for a different value: equality. It helps that Cape Cod, the Berkshires, and Boston’s historic neighborhoods offer lovely venues for weddings and receptions. Mitt Romney said he did not want Massachusetts to become the Las Vegas of “gay marriages.” But legalizing same-sex marriages could also make Massachusetts the Las Vegas of straight ally marriages – as “hetero holdouts” travel to the Commonwealth to avoid marrying in a discriminatory jurisdiction.
The choices created by Massachusetts marriage equality do not end with travel plans. Even couples who marry at home in discriminating states have some decisions to make. Consider the wedding invitation itself. Even though most LGBT people would never think of raising the issue with their marrying heterosexual friends, they could quite reasonably harbor feelings of disquiet and pain that they are excluded from the very institution they are asked to celebrate. One might think that marriage rights for same-sex couples in some jurisdictions would reduce such feelings of pain and resentment. But a couple’s choice to marry in a discriminatory state even as non-discriminatory options become more readily available may exacerbate negative feelings.
Perhaps a personal note could accompany invitations to gay and lesbian friends. A couple could apologize for marrying in a state or church where their friends cannot. An explanation, such as concern for a sick parent who cannot travel to Massachusetts, might also help.
Couples make all sorts of choices about their ceremony. They could include a public statement of support – a prayer or blessing, for example — specifically acknowledging the love and commitment of gay and lesbian couples who cannot marry.
Heterosexuals who marry might devote some combination of time and money to work for change. As newlyweds, they could spend their honeymoon in Massachusetts and reward the state that has done the most to promote marriage equality. In lieu of gifts, couples might ask wedding guests to contribute to freedomtomarry.org or Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders, the organization that won the Massachusetts case (and continues to fight for marriage equality). Even if the bride and groom don’t request it, wedding guests could donate on their own initiative, contributing in the couple’s honor. Guests can still buy a toaster or table cloth, but it makes sense to buy a slightly smaller gift and redistribute part of the money in the interest of people who are unfairly prohibited from marrying.
Even clergy people have decisions to make. For instance, in 2003 about a dozen clergy from Connecticut and Massachusetts refused to sign marriage licenses for heterosexual couples until unions between same-sex couples are legally recognized. Their motive was not to renounce the tainted benefits of discrimination, but to avoid facilitating the discrimination itself. There are always two ways to end disparate treatment; in a world where same-sex couples can’t marry, refusing to legally marry everyone does the trick.
Meanwhile, Massachusetts’ innovation gives all of us some choices. Supporters of gay rights, regardless of sexual orientation, may want to reward the state for its progressive stance. Instead of the negativism of boycotts, a grassroots campaign should declare a marriage “buycott.” Summer 2005 looks like a great time to visit Massachusetts.
A single state has provided a truly global public good. Massachusetts is offering the right to marry without regard to sexual orientation. The rest us of us are now challenged to construct an appropriate response.